Here we summarize all of the Lurch contexts and rules used in these notes in one place for convenient access and reference. They are organized by topic as follows.
Each of the contexts in this section includes the rules defined in the contexts above it.
Propositional Logic
Defines and, or, not,
implies, iff, and
contradiction.
view rules
Predicate Logic with Equality
Defines forall $\left(\forall\right)$,
exists $\left(\exists\right)$ and
equality $\left(=\right)$.
view rules
Logic Theorems
Provides some common theorems about logic. (Includes: Equations) view rules
Each of the contexts in this section includes the rules defined in the contexts above it in this section, and all of the rules from the Foundation section above.
Natural Numbers
The Peano Axioms for the Natural Numbers. view rules
Number Theory Definitions
Defines less than $\left(\lt\right)$,
divides $\left(\mid\right)$, prime,
even and odd.
view rules
Number Theory Theorems
Provides some useful theorems from Number Theory that are provable from the Peano Axioms. view rules
Sequences and Recursion
Defines summation $\left(\sum\right)$,
Fibonacci numbers $\left(F_n\right)$,
factorial $\left(!\right)$,
multinomial coefficients $\left(m,n\right)$,
binomial coefficients $\binom{n}{k}$ and
exponentiation $\left(z^n\right)$. (Includes: Arithmetic in $\NN$)
view rules
Each of the contexts in this section includes the rules defined in the contexts above it in this section, and all of the rules from the Foundation section above, but not the rules in the previous section.
Set Theory
Defines in $\left(\in\right)$,
subset $\left(\subseteq\right)$,
intersection $\left(\cap\right)$,
union $\left(\cup\right)$,
complement $\left('\right)$,
set difference $\left(\setminus\right)$,
power set $\left(\mathscr{P}\right)$,
Cartesian product $\left(\times\right)$,
finite set $\left\{ \ldots \right\}$,
tuple $\langle\ldots\rangle$,
Indexed Union $\left(\bigcup\right)$,
Indexed Intersection $\left(\bigcap\right)$ and
Set Builder notation $\left\{ z :\ldots \right\}$.
view rules
Real Numbers
Defines the field axioms for the Real Numbers. view rules
Number Systems
Defines the sets $\NN$, $\ZZ$, and $\QQ$, and some basic theorems about them including induction, strong induction, and induction from $a$ in $\NN$. (Includes: Arithmetic in $\QQ$) view rules
Functions
Defines maps $\left(f\colon A \to B\right)$,
function application $\left(f(x)\right)$,
maps to $\left(\mapsto\right)$,
image $\left(f(U)\right)$,
identity map $\left(\text{id}_A\right)$
inverse image $\left(f^\text{inv}(U)\right)$,
composition $\left(\circ\right)$,
inverse function $\left(f^{-1}\right)$,
injective, surjective and
bijective.
(Includes: Algebra)
view rules
Relations
Defines reflexive, symmetric,
transitive, irreflexive,
antisymmetric, total,
partial order, strict partial order,
total order, equivalence relation,
partition, equivalence class $[a]$
view rules
Additional Rules. The following rules can be optionally added by the instructor to any particular document. They have no context of their own.
Equations
Defines a single ‘rule’ that enables Lurch to validate transitive
chains of equalities without needing substitution, reflexivity,
symmetry, or transitivity. Declares is to be a constant
and provides a substitution rule for is.
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Arithmetic in the Natural Numbers
Allows the user to say 'by
arithmetic' after an expression to try to justify it
using a CAS. The expression can only contain natural number
constants (e.g. $0$, $1$, $2$, etc) the operators $+$, $\cdot$, and
$\text{^}$, and the relations $=$, $\neq$, $\leq$, and $\lt$.
view rules
Arithmetic in the Integers
Allows the user to say 'by
arithmetic' after an expression to try to justify it
using a CAS. The expression can only contain natural number
constants (e.g. $0$, $1$, $2$, etc) the operators $+$, $\cdot$,
$\text{^}$, and $-$ and the relations $=$, $\neq$, $\leq$, and
$\lt$. Exponents cannot be negative.
view rules
Arithmetic in the Rationals
Allows the user to say 'by
arithmetic' after an expression to try to justify it
using a CAS. The expression can only contain natural number
constants (e.g. $0$, $1$, $2$, etc) the operators $+$, $\cdot$,
$\text{^}$, $-$, and $/$, and the relations $=$, $\neq$, $\leq$, and
$\lt$. Exponents must be integers and you cannot divide by zero.
view rules
Algebra
Allows the user to say 'by algebra' after
an equation to try to justify it using a CAS. There are little or no
restrictions on what the equation can contain, so use at your own
discretion. The identity is evaluated using
Algebrite. This
rule also validates inequalities that can be validated by the
previous rule (Arithmetic in the Rationals).
view rules
examples.
For additional information about Lurch, see
lurch.plus